tkfr ij vk/kkfjr vkj{k.k uhfr vkSj
dE;qfuLVksa dk joS;k

gqDejku ljek;nkj vkSj mudh ikfVZ;ka fgUnksLrkuh jktuhfrd lksp dks nks Hkkxksa esa ckaVuk pkgrs gSa] tkfr ij vk/kkfjr vkj{k.k dks c<+kus ds i{k esa vkSj mlds f[kykQ+A dE;qfuLVksa vkSj lHkh lpsr o jktuhfrd rkSj ij lfØ; yksxksa ij ;g ncko Mkyk tk jgk gS fd dsUnzh; ljdkj ds mPp o O;olkf;d f'k{kk laLFkkuksa esa vU; fiNM+h tkfr;ksa ds fy;s vkj{k.k dks vkSj c<+kus ds laizx ljdkj ds dne dk ;k rks leFkZu djsa ;k fojks/k djsaA dE;qfuLVksa dks ljek;nkjksa ds bl ncko dk f'kdkj ugha cuuk pkfg;sA gesa bl leL;k dk BaMs fnekx ls fo'ys"k.k djuk pkfg;s vkSj vyx&vyx fopkj okys lHkh rcdksa ds esgurd'kksa ls bl ij ppkZ djuh pkfg;sA

lp rks ;g gS fd bl ns'k ds vf/kdre yksx fdlh u fdlh gn rd HksnHkko] 'kks"k.k vkSj neu dk lkeuk djrs gSaA etnwj dk 'kks"k.k blfy;s gksrk gS D;ksafd og etnwj oxZ dk gS] pkgs mldh tkfr dksbZ Hkh gksA fupyh tkfr dk etnwj ;k esgurd'k fdlku vius oxZ vkSj viuh tkfr ds vk/kkj ij nksgjk 'kks"k.k&neu >syrk gSA efgyk nfyr etnwj frxquk 'kks"k.k >syrh gS] etnwj crkSj] nfyr crkSj vkSj efgyk crkSjA tgka iz'kklfud o T;knk osru okyh ukSdfj;ksa dk loky gS] ogka e/;orhZ oxksZa ds yksx de vkSj mPp oxksZa ds yksx T;knk ik;s tkrs gSaA blds vykok] lekt ds cgqr ls rcds viuh jk"Vªh;rk ds dkj.k] tutkfr gksus ds dkj.k ;k /kkfeZd vYila[;d gksus ds dkj.k rjg&rjg ds neu o HksnHkko dk f'kdkj curs gSaA

tkfroknh neu vkSj oxZ 'kks"k.k] ;s nksuksa vkt Hkh lkFk&lkFk dk;e gSa D;ksafd vf/kdre iwathoknh equkQs dekus ds fy;s lekt esa mu lHkh iqjkus laca/kksa dks dk;e j[kk x;k gS tks iwathokn ls iwoZ dk;e gksrs FksA ,slk blfy;s gS D;ksafd cLrhokn&fojks/k la?k"kZ dks mlds rdZlaxr var rd ugha ys tk;k x;k FkkA cLrhokn&fojks/k la?k"kZ ds yksdrkaf=d dk;ksZa dks viw.kZ NksM+ fn;k x;k D;ksafd 1947 esa izfrfØ;koknh ljek;nkj lÙkk ij vk x;s vkSj mUgksaus lkekftd badykc dk jkLrk jksd fn;kA tkfroknh izFkk dks lekIr djus ds ctk;] tkfr ij vk/kkfjr dksVk ds vuqlkj vkj{k.k dh uhfr ykxw dj fn;k x;kA

iwathokn ds fodkl dh otg ls] ,d rjQ cM+k iawthifr oxZ cuk] tks chrs fnuksa ds neudkjh laca/kksa dks cjdjkj j[kdj mudk Qk;nk mBkuk pkgrk gS vkSj nwljh vksj etnwj oxZ cuk tks oxZ 'kks"k.k o tkfroknh 'kks"k.k lesr lHkh izdkj ds 'kks"k.k vkSj neu dks [kRe djuk pkgrk gSA etnwj oxZ ds iSnk gksus ls] vyx&vyx tkfr;ksa ds yksx ,d lkFk feydj ,d dkj[kkus esa dke djus yxs rFkk vius ekfydksa ds f[kykQ+ ,dtqV la?k"kZ djus yxsA etnwj oxZ us tkfroknh HksnHkko dk eqdkcyk djuk o mlls Åij mBuk lh[kk] D;ksafd iwathifr;ksa ds f[kykQ+ izfrfnu la?k"kZ djus ds fy;s ;g t:jh cu x;kA

badykch fopkjdksa vkSj balkQ ds ;ks)kvksa us tkfr&Hksn ls eqDr fgUnksLrku ds lius dks lkdkj :i fnykus ds fy;s viuk ;ksxnku fn;k gS vkSj tkfroknh Hksn&Hkko dks Hkqykdj lHkh yksxksa dks ,dtqV gksus dk vkºoku fn;k gSA HkfDr vkUnksyudkfj;ksa lqfQ;ksa] cLrhokn&fojks/kh la?k"kZ ds reke ns'kHkDrksa vkSj dE;qfuLVksa us vU;k;] 'kks"k.k o neu ds f[kykQ+ jktuhfrd ,drk cukus dk dke tkjh j[kkA tkfr izFkk dks lekIr djus ds fy;s t:jh 'krZ iwathokn dk r[rkiyV gSA iwathokn dk r[rkiyV djus ds badykch la?k"kZ ds fgLlk crkSj] lHkh izdkj ds tkfroknh neu] HksnHkko o iwoZ/kkj.kkvksa ds
f[kykQ+ MV dj la?k"kZ djuk ges'kk gh dE;qfuLVksa dk dke jgk gSA

fgUnksLrkuh lekt dks czá.koknh tkfr izFkk ds paxqy ls eqDr djk;s fcuk etnwj oxZ viuk m)kj ugha dj ldrk gSA lekt bl dqjhfr ls eqDr rc rd ugha gks ldrk tc rd etnwj oxZ u;s lekt dk usrk o fuekZrk crkSj viuh Hkwfedk ugha fuHkkrkA tkfr izFkk ds f'kdkj cus gq;s yksx etnwj oxZ o esgurd'k fdlkuksa esa ls gSaA os ml cgqla[;k esa ls gSa] ftUgsa vkt rd jkT; lÙkk ls ckgj j[kk x;k gSA os fgUnksLrkuh lekt ds badykch ifjorZu vkSj izxfr dh eq[; rkdr gSaA vr% mudh rjQ dE;qfuLVksa dk joS;k ljek;nkjh jktuhfrd ikfVZ;ksa ds joS;s ls foijhr gSA tkfr izFkk ds loky ij dE;qfuLVksa dk ;g joS;k gS fd bl 'kksf"kr vkSj ihfM+r tuleqnk; dks vius ca/kuksa ls eqDr gksus vkSj bl ns'k ds gqDejku cuus ds fy;s dSls laxfBr o izsfjr fd;k tk;sA

ekdik vkSj dE;qfuLV vkUnksyu dh dqN ikfVZ;ka tkfr ij vk/kkfjr vkj{k.k dks c<+kus dh lekjek;nkjksa dh ljdkjh uhfr dk leFkZu o fgQ+kt+r dj jgh gSaA ;g dE;qfuLV joS;k ugha gSA os nkok dj jgh gSa fd ekStwns x.kra= ds lafo/kku dks os czká.koknh o izfrfØ;koknh rkdrksa ls cpk jgh gSaA ijUrq tkfr izFkk ds loky ij gqDejku ljek;nkjksa vkSj mudh ljdkjh uhfr dk inkZQk'k o fojks/k djus ds ctk;] os bl uhfr ds lcls cM+s j{kd cu jgs gSaA ;g joS;k dE;qfuT+e dks 'kku ugha nsrk gSA blls iwathoknh
'kks"k.k ds f[kykQ+ etnwj oxZ ds la?k"kZ dks enn ugha feyrhA vkj{k.k ds i{k esa ;k f[kykQ gksus ds ljek;nkjksa ds ncko dk vxj dE;qfuLV f'kdkj cu tk;sa rks etnwj oxZ dks dksbZ Qk;nk ugha gksxkA

tks vius vki dks dE;qfuLV dgykus okys gSa ij vkj{k.k dk i{k ys jgs gSa] os ;g dguk pkgrs gSa fd badykc u rks t:jh gS vkSj u gh eqefdu gSA dgus ds fy;s rks os Hkh dgrs gSa fd lekt ls lHkh izdkj dk neu] 'kks"k.k o HksnHkko feVkus ds fy;s lkekftd badykc dh t:jr gSA ij vius dk;ksZa esa] vius jktuhfrd joS;ksa esa] ekdik ds usrk vkSj vkj{k.k dk leFkZu djus okys vU; ny ;FkkfLFkfr dh fgek;r djrs gSa vkSj badykc ds jkLrs esa #dkoV gSaA mudk ;g rdZ gS fd tkfr ij vk/kkfjr vkj{k.k dh fgQ+kt+r blfy;s djuh pkfg;s D;ksafd ßFkksM+k dqN feyuk dqN Hkh u feyus ls csgrj gSÞA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] bl ykbu ij pyus okyksa us ljek;nkjksa ds ml nkos dks Lohdkj dj fy;k gS fd iwathokn o ;FkkfLFkfr dk dksbZ fodYi ugha gks ldrk gS] fd badykc ,d Hkfo"; dh] nwj dh laHkkouk gS ftldk vkt ds jktuhfrd dke ls dksbZ ljksdkj ugha gSA

vkj{k.k fookn ds nksuksa i{kkas esa tks xqLlk o tt+ckr utj vkrh gSa] mudh otg ukStokuksa esa Hkfo"; dh c<+rh vfuf'prrk ds ckjs esa tk;t+ vkSj O;kid fpark gSA
vkj{k.k fookn ds tfj;s turk dk /;ku ewy leL;k ls gVk fn;k tkrk gSA ewy leL;k gS vFkZO;oLFkk dks ubZ fn'kk fnykus dh t:jr] rkfd lHkh dh t:jrsa iwjh gksa vkSj blds fy;s iwjh vkcknh dh mRiknd {kerk dks dke ij yxk;k tk;sA vkj{k.k fookn ;g lksp dj pyrk gS fd lHkh dh t:jrsa iwjh djuk eqefdu ugha gS] vr% FkksM+s ls inksa vkSj FkksM+h lh ukSdfj;ksa ds fy;s cgqr lkjs yksxksa ds vkil esa Li/kkZ gksxhA vyx&vyx ikfVZ;ka vyx&vyx ihfM+r rcdksa ds fy;s] mPp f'k{kk o O;olkf;d laLFkkuksa esa vkSj ljdkjh o futh ukSdfj;ksa esa] dksVk dh ekax djrh gSa rFkk vyx&vyx ^eykbZnkj ijrksa* dks dksVk ls ckgj j[kus dh ekax djrh gSaA ij mu lc ds rdksZa esa cqfu;knh xyrh ;g gS fd os lc eku ysrs gSa fd lHkh yksxksa dks f'k{kk ukSdjh fnykuk eqefdu ugha gSA

gekjs ns'k dh esgurd'k tuleqnk; dh c<+rh xjhch o fujk'kk dh ewy otg vFkZO;oLFkk dh iwathoknh & lkezkT;oknh fn'kk gS] ftlds pyrs] lkekftd mRiknu dk edln eqëhHkj cM+h iwathoknh btkjsnkj daifu;ksa o cgqjk"Vªh; daifu;ksa dk vf/kdre equkQk nj lqfuf'pr djuk gSA c<+rh csjkst+xkjh vFkZO;oLFkk dh bl csrqdh fn'kk dk vfuok;Z ifj.kke gSA yxkrkj o ges'kk T;knk ls T;knk gn rd] esgurd'kksa dh t:jrsa iwjh djus ds fy;s vFkZO;oLFkk dks ubZ fn'kk fn;s fcuk] fdlh Hkh rcds ds fy;s dksVk vkjf{kr djus dh dksf'k'k yksxksa esa Li/kkZ o nq'euh gh c<+k;sxhA ;g fdlh chekjh ds y{k.k dk bykt djus vkSj mldh ewy otg dks utjankt djus ds cjkcj gSA

,sfrgkfld rkSj ij] lekt ds ftu rcdksa ds f[kykQ+ HksnHkko fd;k x;k gS] mudh t:jrksa dks iwjk djus ds fy;s dbZ dne fy;s tk ldrs gSa o fy;s tkus pkfg;saA buds fy;s lkoZtfud dks"k ls i;kZIr /ku [kpZ djuk t:jh gSA lkFk gh lkFk izkFkfed f'k{kk ij lkoZtfud /ku fdruk o dSls [kpZ fd;k tk;sxk] bls Hkh cnyuk gksxk rkfd ;g lqfuf'pr gks lds fd lHkh cPpksa dks vPNh f'k{kk izkIr gks] pkgs mudh tkfr] oxZ] fyax vkfn dqN Hkh gksA mPp f'k{kk ds Lrj ij] lkoZtfud /ku ls lefFkZr ,d lq/kkjd ;k fczt dkslZ dh t:jr gS] rkfd HksnHkko Hkqxrus okyh tkfr;ksa ds lnL; lkekU; ikB~;Øe esa nwljksa ds cjkcj Hkkx ys ldsaA etnwj&fdlku ifjokjksa ls vkus okys vPNs Nk=ksa dks fo'ks"k enn nsus dh Hkh t:jr gSA ijUrq ;s lkjs dne rHkh dke;kc gks ldrs gSa vxj lHkh dks [kq'kgkyh vkSj lqj{kk fnykus ds mÌs'; ls vFkZO;oLFkk dks ubZ fn'kk fnykus dk dk;ZØe viuk;k tk;sA

yksxksa ds thou esa mUufr ykus okys dneksa ds fy;s tuleqnk; dks f'kf{kr o izsfjr djus ds ctk;] dE;qfuLV vkUnksyu esa vkj{k.k dk i{k ysus okys flQZ mlh ij /;ku nsrs gSa tks iwathoknh&lkezkT;oknh O;oLFkk ds vUnj eqefdu gSA bldk ;g eryc gS fd nch&dqpyh tkfr;ksa ds yksxksa dks dgk tk jgk gS fd ßuktk;t+ iwathoknh O;oLFkk ds vanj dksVkvksa dk vkj{k.k rqEgkjk vf/kdkj gS ij mlls T;knk fdlh ekax dks ysdj la?k"kZ er djukÞA

vkj{k.k ds f[kykQ+ vktdy tks izn'kZu vkfn gks jgs gSa] muds ckjs esa dE;qfuLV vkUnksyu esa dqN yksx ;g dgrs gSa fd dksVk c<+kus dk fojks/k djus okys Nk= ^vfHktkr* rcds ds gSa tks vius ^fo'ks"k vf/kdkj* cuk;s j[kuk pkgrs gSaA ;g ljek;nkjksa dk ut+fj;k gS] ftlds vuqlkj lekt ,d rjQ mnkjoknh o lks'ky MseksØsfVd ^cgqla[;k* vkSj nwljh rjQ vfHktkr ;k ^:<+hokn* ;k ^mxzoknh* dgyk;h tkus okyh ^vYila[;k* ds chp esa caVk gqvk gSA vlfy;r esa] tSlk fd dE;qfuLVksa dks ekywe gksuk pkfg;s] lekt vlhe /ku&nkSyr o lÙkk okys vYila[;d ljek;nkj oxZ vkSj lÙkkghu o vfuf'pr vkfFkZd Hkfo"; okys cgqla[;d esgurd'kksa ds chp caVk gqvk gSA ljek;nkj oxZ us tkfr ij vk/kkfjr vkj{k.k dks ,d jktuhfrd gFkdaMk cuk fn;k gS] ftlds lgkjs lekt esa tkfroknh caVokjs dks vkSj xgjk;k tkrk gS rFkk oxZ ds vk/kkj ij jktuhfrd
/kzqohdj.k dks jksdk tkrk gSA tks dE;qfuLV ikfVZ;ka gqDejku oxZ dh vkj{k.k uhfr dk i{k ys jgh gSa] os ljek;nkj oxZ ds f[kykQ+ jktuhfrd ,drk fodflr djus esa ;ksxnku ugha ns jgh gSaA cfYd] ;s dE;qfuLV ikfVZ;ka yksxksa ds chp rax utfj;s okyh] tkfroknh Li/kkZ o nq'euh dks mdlkdj] turk dh jktuhfrd ,drk dks rksM+ jgh gSaA

cM+s&cM+s dsUnzh; laLFkkuksa esa tkfr ij vk/kkfjr vkj{k.k dks c<+kus ds f[kykQ+ tks yksx gM+rky dj jgs gSa] mudh czá.koknh iwoZ/kkj.kkvksa dh vkykspuk djuk dE;qfuLVksa ds fy;s eqf'dy ugha gSA blls dgha T;knk eqf'dy] exj lkekftd ifjorZu ykus okys vkUnksyu dks vkxs c<+kus ds fy;s csgn t:jh gS] tkfr;ksa dk HksnHkko fd;s fcuk lHkh ukStokuksa o lpsr yksxksa ds lkFk lka>k eap cukdj] vFkZO;oLFkk dks ubZ fn'kk fnykus ds fy;s la?k"kZ djuk] rkfd lHkh dh t:jrsa iwjh gks ldsaA tkfr izFkk vkSj lHkh izdkj ds e/;dkyhu vR;kpkjksa ls iw.kZ m)kj lesr] lkekftd balkQ gkfly djus dk jkLrk jkT; }kjk lefFkZr vkj{k.k iz.kkyh dh fgQ+kt+r djuk ugha gSA blds fy;s] etnwj oxZ dh vxqokbZ esa tu ekspkZ cukuk gksxk] tks lekt ds lHkh vlarq"V rcdksa dh jktuhfrd ,drk cukdj] lkekftd badykc vkSj lHkh izdkj ds 'kks"k.k&neu ls euq";ksa ds iw.kZ m)kj dk jkLrk [kksysxkA